Auroch Prehistoric Mammal Facts and Figures

Name: Auroch (German for original ox); pronounced OR-ock Habitat: Plains of Eurasia and northern Africa Historical Epoch: Pleistocene-Modern (2 million-500 years ago) Size and Weight: About six feet high and one ton Diet: Grass Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; prominent horns; larger males than females About the Auroch Sometimes it seems that every contemporary animal had a plus-sized megafauna ancestor during the Pleistocene epoch. A good example is the Auroch, which was pretty much identical to modern oxen with the exception of its size: this dino-cow weighed about a ton, and one imagines that the males of the species were significantly more aggressive than modern bulls. (Technically, the Auroch is classified as Bos primigenius, placing it under the same genus umbrella as modern cattle, to which its directly ancestral.) The Auroch is one of the few prehistoric animals to be commemorated in ancient cave paintings, including a famous drawing from Lascaux in France dating to about 17,000 years ago. As you might expect, this mighty beast figured on the dinner menu of early humans, who played a large part in driving the Auroch into extinction (when they werent domesticating it, thus creating the line that led to modern cows). However, small, dwindling populations of Aurochs survived well into modern times, the last known individual dying in 1627. One little-known fact about the Auroch is that it actually comprised three separate subspecies. The most famous, Bos primigenius primigenius, was native to Eurasia, and is the animal depicted in the Lascaux cave paintings. The Indian Auroch, Bos primigenius namadicus, was domesticated a few thousand years ago into what are now known as Zebu cattle, and the North African Auroch (Bos primigenius africanus) is the most obscure of the three, likely descended from a population native to the Middle East. One historical description of the Auroch was written by, of all people, Julius Caesar, in his History of the Gallic War: These are a little below the elephant in size, and of the appearance, color, and shape of a bull. Their strength and speed are extraordinary; they spare neither man nor wild beast which they have espied. These the Germans take with much pains in pits and kill them. The young men harden themselves with this exercise and practice themselves in this sort of hunting, and those who have slain the greatest number of them, having produced the horns in public, to serve as evidence, receive great praise. Back in the 1920s, a pair of German zoo directors hatched a scheme to resurrect the Auroch via the selective breeding of modern cattle (which share virtually the same genetic material as Bos primigenius, albeit with some important traits suppressed). The result was a breed of oversized oxen known as Heck cattle, which, if not technically Aurochs, at least provide a clue to what these ancient beasts must have looked like. Still, hopes for the resurrection of the Auroch persist, via a proposed process called de-extinction.

Essay about Global Poverty - 1599 Words

In today’s world, poverty is an element of every nation’s economy. Whether on a large or small scale, some strand of poverty is visible in every community worldwide. Somewhere in the world, a young man is homeless, a single woman cannot adequately supply for her children, a sick, elderly woman cannot afford her medication, a young lady has to settle for drinking water from the puddles of the street, and people are on the verge of total financial collapse. No matter the reason or cause, some human being is counted in the 45.4% worldwide poverty rate as less-fortunate, underprivileged, etc (Hope International, 1). But what causes this startling fact? How is it that as the years progress, so does the rate of poverty worldwide? Some argue that†¦show more content†¦For example, Maureen Bodie in GOD’s Angry Babies couldn’t go to school when she was younger because her father prevented her from going, And Maureen was the smartest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦And John Bodie, though proud of his daughter, would not send her to the Government New School†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦That privilege was reserved for his two living sons. His two sons, who would always carry his name. And not a daughter. Not Maureen. Maureen didn’t need high school. Maureen needed a husband (Strachan, 27). Prohibited the right to education, a basic necessity of life, Maureen’s knowledge was limited for quite some time, leaving her to learn how to cook, clean, and iron for those days of her life. Also, as Ms. Bodie sits her son Mark Bodie down to teach him things about life and how to be a man, she states: And never once did I see Mercer Stone put his hand in his pocket to buy so much as a candy for one of his sons. Mercer Stone would go to Kentucky Fried Chicken to buy food, and sit right in the living room and eat every last piece. Suck the bone dry, while his sons watch him wit’ dey mout’ white. And never offer dem so much as a French fry! (Strachan, 34) Even so much as the necessity of food and nutrition is limited by the hands of another human being, thus causing other human beings to suffer in some form of poverty. In such regard, according to literature, mankind is toShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Global Poverty1609 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty is one of the largest dilemmas plaguing the world today. Solutions to solving the global issue of poverty are constantly debated, as world leaders try to find the best possible approach. However, in order to work towards solving the problem of global poverty, we must first identify the key cause. The main source of global poverty is the inaccessibility to food as a necessary biological need, otherwise known as world hunger. Food is necessary in order to live. It provides fuel for basic biologicalRead MorePoverty Is A Global Issue2393 Words   |  10 PagesEvery city has poverty. Travel around the world, I bet it wouldn’t be difficult to find a city that doesn t have an impoverishe d community. Poverty is a global issue, but most importantly it’s a local issue to me in the city that I live in. Among the 10 largest cities in America, Chicago has the third highest poverty rate with 40-60% of our residents living under the poverty level. People who live in poverty are given less opportunities, resources and tools than people who live in the middle orRead MoreGlobal Poverty And Its Effects On Poverty Essay2151 Words   |  9 Pagesreduce and more effectively measure poverty has been Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s Center for Economic Opportunity (CEO) in New York City. This paper will explain how CEO was and still is so successful in combatting poverty and will argue that its tactics should be implemented in cities across the nation. Poverty is one of the most important issues that the modern world has attempted to confront. For the most part it has been a huge success. Extreme global poverty has been cut in half in the past 20Read MoreGlobal Institutio ns are the Solution to Global Poverty Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal institutions are seen to be the better solution to help prevent world poverty in developing nations. Indeed, two philosophers, Thomas Pogge and Andrew Kuper, agree with this view that global institutions are more suited to prevent world poverty than NGOs. The reason for this is that global institutions have better defined institutional structures. A global institution â€Å"is an organization with hierarchical structures, having departments and agencies assigned with specific tasks† (WTO). TheyRead MoreGlobal Poverty Essay example1162 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty has become a crucial fact worldwide and has a great influence on economic development. Foreign aid from wealthy regions has been dedicated to reducing poverty. Before delving into the argument, it is necessary to clarify the term â€Å"western countries† and â€Å"global poverty†. Western countries refer to the most developed countries which have in common a high standard of living for most of the residents, such as the United States, most European countries and Australia. Global poverty in this essayRead MorePublic Perception Of Global Poverty1433 Words   |  6 PagesAllison Miller Instructor Khe Midterm Essay 13 February 2016 The public perception of global poverty is one where they assume that the poor economic conditions in developing countries are associated with poor working conditions, bad pay, and long hours. 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Our first impression is that th e UnitedRead MoreGlobal Poverty Essay592 Words   |  3 PagesPoverty is defined as the state of being poor; lack of the means of providing material needs or comforts.( More children live in poverty in the United States than in any other developed country (p. 192, Parrillo). Generally, poverty is blamed either on the individual or the system. Several dimensions such as intelligence, poverty culture, family life and the system of capitalism give explanation as to why poverty exists in the U.S. Intelligence has been labeled as one of the factors of povertyRead MoreGlobal Poverty And The Dependency Model790 Words   |  4 Pagesbackground to infiltrate my study of international development. Throughout the course of my undergraduate studies, I discovered the Global Politics and Solidarity, Cosmopolitanism and Global Justice modules to be the most enlightening, heavily focusing on development issues such as poverty and climate change. For this purpose, my undergraduate research topic f ocused on Global Poverty and the Dependency Model. During this research, I sourced documents relating to dependency theorist, Andre Gunder Frank whoRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On A Local And Global Perspective1953 Words   |  8 Pagesdoing something to help stop them. I chose to research poverty on a local and global perspective because I believe it is one of our biggest and most evolving issues today. According to the Economic and Social Inclusion corporation, â€Å"Poverty is about not having enough money to meet basic needs including food, clothing, and shelter† (New Brunswick, 2009). Although poverty has become a bigger deal today than ever. It is a very complex issue. Poverty is not only a U.S issue but a worldwide problem that

Vegetables Nutrition and Food Free Essays

Vegetables A vegetable is a part of a plant consumed by humans that is generally savory but is not sweet. A vegetable is not considered a grain, fruit, nut, spice, or herb. For example, the stem, root, flower, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetables: Nutrition and Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now , may be eaten as vegetables. Vegetables contain many vitamins and minerals; however, different vegetables contain different spreads, so it is important to eat a wide variety of types. For example, green vegetables typically contain vitamin A, dark orange and dark green vegetables contain vitamin C,and vegetables like broccoli and related plants contain iron and calcium. Vegetables are very low in fats and calories, but ingredients added in preparation can often add these. [edit]Fruits In terms of food (rather than botany), fruits are the sweet-tasting seed-bearing parts of plants, or occasionally sweet parts of plants which do not bear seeds. These include apples, oranges, plums, bananas, etc. Fruits are low in calories and fat and are a source of natural sugars, fiber and vitamins. Processing fruits when canning or making into juices may add sugars and remove nutrients. The fruit food group is sometimes combined with the vegetable food group. Note that many foods considered fruits in botany because they bear seeds are not considered fruits in cuisine because they lack the characteristic sweet taste, e. g. , tomatos or avocados. [edit]Oils The food pyramid advises that fats be consumed sparingly. Butter and oils are examples of fats. Healthy sources of fat can be found in fish, nuts, and certain fruits and vegetables, such as avocados. [edit]Dairy Dairy products are produced from the milk of mammals, most usually but not exclusively cattle. They include milk, yogurt and cheese. Milk and its derivative products are a rich source of dietary calcium, but also provide protein, phosphorus, vitamin A, and vitamin D. However, many dairy products are high in saturated fat and cholesterol compared to vegetables, fruits and whole grains, which is why skimmed products are available as an alternative. For adults, three cups of dairy products are recommended per day. [8][9] [edit]Meat and beans Meat is the tissue – usually muscle – of an animal consumed by humans. Since most parts of many animals are edible, there is a vast variety of meats. Meat is a major source of protein, as well as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. Meats, poultry, and fish include beef, chicken, pork, salmon, tuna, shrimp, and eggs. The meat group is one of the major compacted food groups in the food guide pyramid. Many of the same nutrients found in meat can also be found in foods like eggs, dry beans, and nuts, such foods are typically placed in the same category as meats, as meat alternatives. These include tofu, products that resemble meat or fish but are made with soy, eggs, and cheeses. For those who do not consume meat or animal products (see Vegetarianism, veganism and Taboo food and drink), meat analogs, tofu, beans, lentils, chick peas, nuts and other high-protein vegetables are also included in this group. The food guide pyramid suggests that adults eat 2–3 servings per day. One serving of meat is 4 oz (110 g), about the size of a deck of cards. 1. Natural appetite suppressant In case you are wondering if this means you should replace your regular meals with gallons of water, no. When our bodies are dehydrated, it can sometimes misinterpret thirst for hunger. In the stressful office environment that we work in, we will usually reach out for a cup of coffee or grab anything sugary so it can both give us a quick boost in energy and at the same time curb what we believe is hunger. Since what our body is truly looking to be hydrated instead of being fed, this false signal of hunger will soon come back resulting in you indulging in a lot of unnecessary snacking. We all know what the outcome of that is going to be. When you have a bottle of water at your desk, you have a higher tendency to drink it than if you had to constantly get it from the pantry. So at the start of the work day, keep a one liter bottle of water at your desk and aim to finish everything by lunchtime. After lunch, replenish that bottle and aim to finish it before you finish for the day. For all you coffee drinkers, don’t think for a second that all those coffee you drink is enough to hydrate your body. Caffeine is a diuretic that actually dehydrate you. So coffee drinkers should actually drink more water instead. . Improves Fat Metabolism Our liver is an amazing organ that is responsible for metabolizing fat amongst many other important functions such as cleansing your body of toxins, breaking down alcohol, etc. Metabolizing fat basically means converting fat to be used as energy. Drinking water helps weight loss by ensuring your liver is metabolizing fat properly. When your body is dehydrated, your kidney functions a re affected. If your kidneys cannot perform properly, the liver steps up to take on its duties and hence becomes overloaded. When that happens the liver won’t be able to help you burn fat effectively. If you exercise and don’t drink enough water, this will negate the fat burning benefits of your workouts altogether. Never wait till you are thirsty to drink water. When your body has to signal thirst to you, that means you are already on the verge of dehydration and your liver is about to work overtime and in the process affecting your fat burning effectiveness. 3. Improve exercise performance Everyone knows that maintaining proper hydration is crucial before, during and after exercise. If you do not drink sufficient water, your blood thickens and it becomes harder for your body to transport oxygen and nutrients to your muscles to effectively perform your workouts. If you can’t get the most out of your workouts, how are you going to burn fat efficiently? Furthermore, as your exercise, your body heats up. Without proper hydration, your body clings on to whatever little water it has. This means you will not be able to perspire and cool your body down during exercise resulting in your body overheating and in severe cases, leading to heat stroke. Before your exercise, aim to drink at least a tall glass of water. Keep a large bottle of water handy and drink it constantly during your exercise to keep yourself hydrated throughout the workout session. 4. Burn extra calories Drinking water helps weight loss by helping your burn extra calories as well. Scientists in Germany discovered that drinking at least 500 ml of water in one sitting increased our metabolic rate by 30% in 10 minutes. This increased metabolism will sustain for up to 40 minutes and during this time, 100 extra calories are burned. Aim to drink at least 2 liters of water when you are in the office to burn up to 400 extra calories a day. At the beginning, don’t worry if you are suddenly visiting the washroom more often due to your increased water intake. This just means that your body is now able to release water that it has been keeping in your body. As you continue to drink more water, your body will recognize that it doesn’t have store water anymore and will now allowing for a better regulation of fluid within your body. We all know that water is life. It’s no coincidence that drinking more water is always the advice we get whenever we are not feeling well. So before you reach out for the next â€Å"state-of-the-art† fat loss pill for the quickest way to lose weight, give drinking more water a try. And the answer to the commonly asked question, â€Å"Can  drinking water help weight loss? † will be very pleasingly evident to you. If you work in an office and can’t seem to find time to lose weight, there are more great weight loss tips to show you how to get slim and the  quickest way to lose weight. Also, you can get your hands on the free fat loss starter kit that has helped many others lose up to 5 lbs in the first week. Visit corporatefatlossplan. com now! What is a healthy diet? | Hunter-gatherers living on their traditional diets are virtually free of heart, cancer and other degenerative diseases common in the western world. | | Since this article deals with healthy eating habits, a question remains to be answered: what constitutes a healthy diet? Unfortunately, there are more opinions about this than there are health experts. To further complicate the matter, dietary concepts change over time, leaving most people confused and uncertain about what or whom to trust. One solution to this problem is to become sufficiently knowledgeable about the relevant subjects and rely on reason to draw basic conclusions. Along with  personal experimentation, such approach will enable you to establish healthy eating habits that work especially well for your body. This takes time and requires discipline, but considering the long lasting benefits healthy eating can provide, the effort is more then well worth it. In order to determine the minimal basic requirements of a healthy diet, I concluded that it is safe to start with the following two objectives: 1. xamine human diet over time – the foods humans consumed since the arrival of our species. 2. examine diets of ethnic groups known for their good health. | The traditional living Okinawans and people from the other Ryukyu Islands have the highest longevity in the world. This is partly attributed to diet, but also to other factors such as lifestyle, genetics, and mental well being. | | Looking at the typ e of diets humans lived on through out  pre-history, provides good insights into the kind of foods human body is well adapted at utilizing and dealing with. Further, the diets of certain ethnic groups that are well known for good health – the  people of Okinawa  (Japan); traditional cultures in the  Mediterranean region; and many  hunter-gatherer  societies – suggest certain healthy eating habits that promote good health. Upon closer examination of the above mentioned objectives, two main denominators emerged: A) diets are based on natural, whole or minimally processed foods in accordance to heritage. B) diets are lower in calories compared to a typical western diet. In the context of present time, one can therefore make two general assumptions in regard to the question of what constitutes a healthy diet: 1) generally, the less a food is processed the better. 2) eat less – eat what is adequate, do not over eat. Food  is any substance[1]  consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It is usually of  plant  or  animal  origin, and contains essential  nutrients, such as  carbohydrates,  fats,  proteins,vitamins, or  minerals. The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism’s cells in an effort to produce energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth. Historically, people secured food through two methods:  hunting and gathering, and  agriculture. Today, most of the  food energy  consumed by the  world population  is supplied by the  food industry. Food safety  and  food security  are monitored by agencies like the  International Association for Food Protection,  World Resources Institute,  World Food Programme,  Food and Agriculture Organization, and  International Food Information Council. They address issues such as  sustainability,  biological diversity,  climate change,  nutritional economics,  population growth,  water supply, and  access to food. The  right to food  is a  human right  derived from the  International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights  (ICESCR), recognizing the â€Å"right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food†, as well as the â€Å"fundamental right to be free from hunger†. ————————————————- Food sources Global average daily  calorie  consumption Almost all foods are of plant or animal origin. Cereal  grain is a  staple food  that provides more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop. Maize,  wheat, and  rice  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ in all of their varieties – account for 87% of all grain production worldwide. [2] Other foods not from animal or plant sources include various edible  fungi, especially  mushrooms. Fungi and ambient  bacteria  are used in the preparation of  fermented  andpickled  foods like  leavened  bread,  alcoholic drinks,  cheese,  pickles,  kombucha, and  yogurt. Another example is  blue-green algae  such as  Spirulina. [3]  Inorganic substances such as  baking soda  and  cream of tartar  are also used to chemically alter an ingredient. Plants Foods from plant sources See also:  Herbs  and  spices Many  plants  or plant parts are eaten as food. There are around 2,000 plant species which are cultivated for food, and many have several distinct  cultivars. [4] Seeds  of plants are a good source of food for animals, including humans, because they contain the nutrients necessary for the plant’s initial growth, including many healthful fats, such asOmega fats. In fact, the majority of food consumed by human beings are seed-based foods. Edible seeds include  cereals  (maize,  wheat,  rice,  et cetera),  legumes  (beans,  peas,  lentils,  et cetera), and  nuts. Oilseeds  are often pressed to produce rich oils –  sunflower,  flaxseed,  rapeseed  (including  canola oil),  sesame,  et cetera. [5] Seeds are typically high in unsaturated fats and, in moderation, are considered a health food, although not all seeds are edible. Large seeds, such as those from a  lemon, pose a choking hazard, while seeds from  apples  and  cherries  contain a poison (cyanide). Fruits  are the ripened ovaries of plants, including the seeds within. Many plants have evolved fruits that are attractive as a food source to animals, so that animals will eat the fruits and excrete the seeds some distance away. Fruits, therefore, make up a significant part of the diets of most cultures. Some botanical fruits, such as  tomatoes,  pumpkins, and  eggplants, are eaten as vegetables. [6]  (For more information, see  list of fruits. ) Vegetables  are a second type of plant matter that is commonly eaten as food. These include  root vegetables  (potatoes  and  carrots), bulbs (onion  family),  leaf vegetables  (spinach  and  lettuce),stem vegetables  (bamboo  shoots and  asparagus), and  inflorescence vegetables  (globe artichokes  and  broccoli  and other vegetables such as  cabbage  or  cauliflower. [7] Dairy cattle  in  Maryland Animals Various raw  meats Main articles:  Animal source foods  and  Food chain Animals are used as food either directly or indirectly by the products they produce. Meat  is an example of a direct product taken from an animal, which comes from  muscle  systems or from  organs. Food products produced by animals include  milk  produced by  mammary glands, which in many cultures is drunk or processed into  dairy products  (cheese,  butter, et cetera). In addition, birds and other animals lay  eggs, which are often eaten, andbees  produce  honey, a reduced nectar from flowers, which is a popular sweetener in many cultures. Some cultures  consume blood, sometimes in the form of  blood sausage, as a thickener for sauces, or in a  cured,  salted  form for times of food scarcity, and others use  blood  in stews such as  civet. [8] Some cultures and people do not consume meat or animal food products for cultural, dietary, health, ethical, or ideological reasons. Vegetarians  do not consume meat. Vegans  do not consume any foods that are or contain  ingredients  from an animal source. How to cite Vegetables: Nutrition and Food, Papers